Equipo Nizkor - Convention for the suppression of unlawful seizure of aircraft.

No. 12325

MULTILATERAL
Convention for the suppression of unlawful seizure of aircraft. Signed at The Hague on 16 December 1970

Authentic texts: English, French, Russian and Spanish.
Registered by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America on 8 March 1973.

MULTILATÉRAL
Convention pour la repression de la capture illicite d'aéronefs. Signée à La Haye le 16 décembre 1970

Textes authentiques : anglais, français, russe et espagnol.
Enregistrée par l'Union des Républiques socialistes soviétiques, le Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord et les États-Unis d Amérique le 8 mars 1973.

CONVENTION |1| FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF UNLAWFUL SEIZURE OF AIRCRAFT

Preamble

The States parties to this Convention

considering that unlawful acts of seizure or exercise of control of aircraft in flight jeopardize the safety of persons and property, seriously affect the operation of air services, and undermine the confidence of the peoples of the world in the safety'of civil aviation;

CONSIDERING that the occurence of such acts is a matter of grave concern;

CONSIDERING that, for the purpose of deterring such acts, there is an urgent need to provide appropriate measures for punishment of offenders;

Have agreed as follows:

Article 1. Any person who on board an aircraft in flight:

(a) unlawfully, by force or threat thereof, or by any other form of intimidation, seizes, or exercises control of, that aircraft, or attempts to perform any such act, or

(b) is an accomplice of a person who performs or attempts to perform any such act

commits an offence (hereinafter referred to as "the offence").

Article 2. Each Contracting State undertakes to make the offence punishable by severe penalties.

Article 3. 1. For the purposes of this Convention, an aircraft is considered to be in flight at any time from the moment when all its external doors are closed following embarkation until the moment when any such door is opened for disembarkation. In the case of a forced landing, the flight shall be deemed to continue until the competent authorities take over the responsibility for the aircraft and for persons and property on board.

2. This Convention shall not apply to aircraft used in military, customs or police services.

3. This Convention shall apply only if the place of take-off or the place of actual landing of the aircraft on board which the offence is committed is situated outside the territory of the State of registration of.that aircraft; it shall be immaterial whether the aircraft is engaged in an international or domestc flight.

4. In the cases mentioned in article 5, this Convention shall not apply if the place of take-off and the place of actual landing of the aircraft on board which the offence is committed are situated within the territory of the same State where that State is one of those referred to in that Article.

5. Notwithstanding paragraphs 3 and 4 of this article, articles 6, 7, 8 and 10 shall apply whatever the place of take-off or the place of actual landing of the aircraft, if the offender or the alleged offender is found in the territory of a State other than the State of registration of that aircraft.

Article 4. 1. Each Contracting State shall take such measures as may be necessary to establish its jurisdiction over the offence and any other act of violence against passengers or crew committed by the alleged offender in connection with the offence, in the following cases:

(a) when the offence is committed on board an aircraft registered in that State;

(b) when the aircraft on board which the offence is committed lands in its territory with the alleged offender still on board;

(c) when the offence is committed on board an aircraft leased without crew to a lessee who has his principal place of business or, if the lessee has no such place of business, his permanent residence, in that State.

2. Each Contracting State shall likewise take such measures as may be necessary to establish its jurisdiction over the offence in the case where the alleged offender is present in its territory and it does not extradite him pursuant to article 8 to any of the States mentioned in paragraph 1 of this article.

3. This Convention does not exclude any criminal jurisdiction exercised in accordance with national law.

Article 5. The Contracting States which establish joint air transport operating organizations or international operating agencies, which operate aircraft which are subject to joint or international registration shall, by appropriate means, designate for each aircraft the State among them which shall exercise the jurisdiction and have the attributes of the State of registration for the purpose of this Convention and shall give notice thereof to the International Civil Aviation Organization which shall communicate the notice to all States Parties to this Convention.

Article 6. 1. Upon being satisfied that the circumstances so warrant, any Contracting State in the territory of which the offender or the alleged offender is present, shall take him into custody or take other measures to ensure his presence. The custody and other measures shall be as provided in the law of that State but may only be continued for such time as is necessary to enable any criminal or extradition proceedings to be instituted.

2. Such State shall immediately make a preliminary enquiry into the facts.

3. Any person in custody pursuant to paragraph 1 of this article shall be assisted in communicating immediately with the nearest appropriate representative of the State of which he is a national.

4. When a State, pursuant to this article, has taken a person into custody, it shall immediately notify the State of registration of the aircraft, the State mentioned in article 4, paragraph 1 (c), the State of nationality of the detained person and, if it considers it advisable, any other interested States of the fact that such person is in custody and of the circumstances which warrant his detention. The State which makes the preliminary enquiry contemplated in paragraph 2 of this Article shall promptly report its findings to the said States and shall indicate whether it intends to exercise jurisdiction.

Article 7. The Contracting State in the territory of which the alleged offender is found shall, if it does not extradite him, be obliged, without exception whatsoever and whether or not the offence was committed in its territory, to submit the case to its competent authorities for the purpose of prosecution. Those authorities shall take their decision in the same manner as in the case of any ordinary offence of a serious nature under the law of that State.

Article 8. 1. The offence shall be deemed to be included as an extraditable offence in any extradition treaty existing between Contracting States. Contracting States undertake to include the offence as an extraditable offence in every extradition treaty to be concluded between them.

2. If a Contracting State which makes extradition conditional on the existence of a treaty receives a request for extradition from another Contracting State with which it has no extradition treaty, it may at its option consider this Convention as the legal basis for extradition in respect of the offence. Extradition shall be subject to the other conditions provided by the law of the requested State.

3. Contracting States which do not make extradition conditional on the existence of a treaty shall recognize the offence as an extraditable offence between themselves subject to the conditions provided by the law of the requested State.

4. The offence shall be treated, for the purpose of extradition between Contracting States, as if it had been committed not only in the place in which it occured but also in the territories of the States required to establish their jurisdiction in accordance with article 4, paragraph 1.

Article 9. 1. When any of the acts mentioned in article 1(a) has occurred or is about to occur, Contracting States shall take all appropriate measures to restore control of the aircraft to its lawful commander or to preserve his control of the aircraft.

2. In the cases contemplated by the preceding paragraph, any Contracting State in which the aircraft or its passengers or crew are present shall facilitate the continuation of the journey of the passengers and crew as soon as practicable, and shall without delay return the aircraft and its cargo to the persons lawfully entitled to possession.

Article 10. 1. Contracting States shall afford one another the greatest measure of assistance in connection with criminal proceedings brought in respect of the offence and other acts mentioned in article 4. The law of the State requested shall apply in all cases.

2. The provisions of paragraph 1 of this article shall not affect obligations under any other treaty, bilateral or multilateral, which governs or will govern, in whole or in part, mutual assistance in criminal matters.

Article 11. Each Contracting State shall in accordance with its national law report to the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization as promptly as possible any relevant information in its possession concerning:

(a) the circumstances of the offence;

(b) the action taken pursuant to article 9;

(c) the measures taken in relation to the offender or the alleged offender, and, in particular, the results of any extradition proceedings or other legal proceedings.

Article 12. 1. Any dispute between two or more Contracting States concerning the interpretation or application of this Convention which cannot be settled through negotiation, shall, at the request of one of them, be submitted to arbitration. If within six months from the date of the request for arbitration the Parties are unable to agree on the organization of the arbitration, any one of those Parties may refer the dispute to the International Court of Justice by request in conformity with the Statute of the Court.

2. Each State may at the time of signature or ratification of this Convention or accession thereto, declare that it does not consider itself bound by the preceding paragraph. The other Contracting States shall not be bound by the preceding paragraph with respect to any Contracting State having made such a reservation.

3. Any Contracting State having made a reservation in accordance with the preceding paragraph may at any time withdraw this reservation by notification to the Depositary Governments.

Article 13. 1. This Convention shall be open for signature at The Hague oh 16 December 1970, by States participating in the International Conference on Air Law held at The Hague from 1 to 16 December 1970 (hereinafter referred to as The Hague Conference). After 31 December 1970, the Convention shall be open to all States for signature in Moscow, London and Washington. Any State which does not sign this Convention before its entry into force in accordance with paragraph 3 of this article may accede to it at any time.

2. This Convention shall be subject to ratification by the signatory States. Instruments of ratification and instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Governments of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America, which are hereby designated the Depositary Governments.

3. This Convention shall enter into force thirty days following the date of'the deposit of instruments of ratification by ten States signatory to-this Convention which participated in The Hague Conference.

4. For other States, this Convention shall enter into force on the date of entry into force of this Convention in accordance with paragraph 3 of this article, or thirty days following the date of deposit of their instruments of ratification or accession, whichever is later.

5. The Depositary Governments shall promptly inform all signatory and acceding States of the date of each signature, the date of deposit of each instrument of ratification or accession, the date of entry into force of this Convention, and other notices.

6. As soon as this Convention comes into force, it shall be registered by the Depositary Governments pursuant to Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations and pursuant to Article 83 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago, 1944).

Article 14. 1. Any Contracting State may denounce this Convention by written notification to the Depositary Governments.

2. Denunciation shall take effect six months following the date on which notification is received by the Depositary Governments.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned Plenipotentiaries, being duly authorised thereto by their Governments, have signed this Convention.

DONE at The Hague, this sixteenth day of December, one thousand nine hundred and seventy, in three originals, each being drawn up in four authentic texts in the English, French, Russian and Spanish languages.

[Source: United Nations, Treaty Series, Vol. 860, No. 12325, 1973]

Notes:

1. Came into force on 14 October 1971 for the States indicated hereafter, i.e. 30 days following the date (14 September 1971) by which the instruments of ratification of ten signatory States having participated in The Hague Conference had been deposited with the Governments of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland or the United States of America, designated as the depositary Governments, in accordance with article 13 (3):

State Date of deposit of
the instrument of ratification
at London (L), Moscow (M)
or Washington (W)

Japan 19 April 1971 (L, M, W)

Bulgaria 19 May 1971 (W)

26 May 1971 (L)

23 February 1972 (M)

Ecuador 14 June 1971 (W)

Sweden 7 July 1971 (L, M, W)

Costa Rica 9 July 1971 (W)

Gabon 14 July 1971 (L)

Hungary 13 August 1971 (L, M, W)

Israel 16 August 1971 (L, M, W)

Norway 23 August 1971 (L, M, W)

Switzerland 14 September 1971 (L, M, W)

United States of America 14 September 1971 (W)

21 September 1971 (L)

23 September 1971 (M)

Subsequently, the Convention came into force for each of the following States 30 days following the date of deposit of their instrument of ratification or accession, in accordance with article 13 (4):

State Date of deposit of
the instrument of ratification
or accession (a) at London (L),
Moscow (M) or Washington (W) Date of entry into force

Argentina 11 September 1972 (W) 11 October 1972

20 September 1972 (M)

21 September 1972 (L)

Australia 9 November 1972 (L, M, W) 9 December 1972

Brazil 14 January 1972 (L, M, W) 13 February 1972

Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 30 December 1971 (M) 29 January 1972

Canada 19 June 1972 (L) 19 July 1972

20 June 1972 (W)

23 June 1972 (M)

Chad 12 July 1972 (W) 11 August 1972

12 July 1972a (L)

17 August 1972a (M)

Chile 2 February 1972 (L) 3 March 1972

Cyprus 6 June 1972a (L) 6 July 1972

8 June 1972a (M)

5 July 1972a (W)

Czechoslovakia 6 April 1972 (L, M, W) 6 May 1972

Dahomey 13 March 1972 (W) 12 April 1972

Denmark 17 October 1972 (L, M, W) 16 November 1972

(Decision reserved as regards
the application of the Convention
to the Faeroe Islands and Greenland.)

Fiji 27 July 1972 (W) 26 August 1972

14 August 1972 (L)

29 August 1972 (M)

Finland 15 December 1971 (L, M, W) 14 January 1972

France 18 September 1972 (L, M, W) 18 October 1972

German Democratic Republic 3 June 1971 (M) 14 October 1971

Iran 25 January 1972 (L, W) 24 February 1972

2 February 1972 (M)

Iraq 3 December 1971 (M) 2 January 1972

4 January 1972 (L)

Jordan 16 November 1971 (M) 16 December 1971

18 November 1971 (W)

1 December 1971 (L)

Mali 17 August 1971a (M) 14 October 1971

29 September 1971a (W)

Mexico 19 July 1972 (L, M, W) 18 August 1972

Mongolia 8 October 1971 (M) 7 November 1971

Niger 15 October 1971 (W) 14 November 1971

Panama 10 March 1972 (W) 9 April 1972

Paraguay 4 February 1972 (W) 5 March 1972

Poland 21 March 1972 (L, M, W) 20 April 1972

Portugal 27 November 1972 (L) 27 December 1972

Republic of China 27 July 1972 (W) 26 August 1972

Romania 10 July 1972 (L, M, W) 9 August 1972

South Africa 30 May 1972 (W) 29 June 1972

Spain 30 October 1972 (W) 29 November 1972

Trinidad and Tobago 31 January 1972 (L) 1 March 1972

Uganda 27 March 1972a (L) 26 April 1972

Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 21 February 1972 (M) 22 March 1972

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 24 September 1971 (L, M, W) 24 October 1971

United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland 22 December 1971 (L, M, W) 21 January 1972

(In respect of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
and Territories under the territorial
sovereignty of the United Kingdom,
as well as the British Solomon
Islands Protectorate.)

Yugoslavia 2 October 1972 (L, M, W) 1 November 1972

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State	Date of deposit of the instrument of ratification at London (L), Moscow (M) or Washington (W)
Japan	19 April	1971	(L, M, W)
Bulgaria	19 May	1971	(W)
	26 May	1971	(L)
	23 February	1972	(M)
Ecuador	14 June	1971	(W)
Sweden	7 July	1971	(L, M, W)
Costa Rica	9 July	1971	(W)
Gabon	14 July	1971	(L)
Hungary	13 August	1971	(L, M, W)
Israel	16 August	1971	(L, M, W)
Norway	23 August	1971	(L, M, W)
Switzerland	14 September	1971	(L, M, W)
United States of America	14 September	1971	(W)
	21 September	1971	(L)
	23 September	1971	(M)

State	Date of deposit of the instrument of ratification or accession (a) at London (L), Moscow (M) or Washington (W)			Date of entry into force
Argentina	11 September	1972	(W)	11 October	1972
	20 September	1972	(M)
	21 September	1972	(L)
Australia	9 November	1972	(L, M, W)	9 December	1972
Brazil	14 January	1972	(L, M, W)	13 February	1972
Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic	30 December	1971	(M)	29 January	1972
Canada	19 June	1972	(L)	19 July	1972
	20 June	1972	(W)
	23 June	1972	(M)
Chad	12 July	1972	(W)	11 August	1972
	12 July	1972a	(L)
	17 August	1972a	(M)
Chile	2 February	1972	(L)	3 March	1972
Cyprus	6 June	1972a	(L)	6 July	1972
	8 June	1972a	(M)
	5 July	1972a	(W)
Czechoslovakia	6 April	1972	(L, M, W)	6 May	1972
Dahomey	13 March	1972	(W)	12 April	1972
Denmark	17 October	1972	(L, M, W)	16 November	1972
(Decision reserved as regards the application of the Convention to the Faeroe Islands and Greenland.)
Fiji	27 July	1972	(W)	26 August	1972
	14 August	1972	(L)
	29 August	1972	(M)
Finland	15 December	1971	(L, M, W)	14 January	1972
France	18 September	1972	(L, M, W)	18 October	1972
German Democratic Republic	3 June	1971	(M)	14 October	1971
Iran	25 January	1972	(L, W)	24 February	1972
Iran	2 February	1972	(M)	24 February	1972
Iraq	3 December	1971	(M)	2 January	1972
Iraq	4 January	1972	(L)	2 January	1972
Jordan	16 November	1971	(M)	16 December	1971
	18 November	1971	(W)
	1 December	1971	(L)
Mali	17 August	1971a	(M)	14 October	1971
Mali	29 September	1971a	(W)	14 October	1971
Mexico	19 July	1972	(L, M, W)	18 August	1972
Mongolia	8 October	1971	(M)	7 November	1971
Niger	15 October	1971	(W)	14 November	1971
Panama	10 March	1972	(W)	9 April	1972
Paraguay	4 February	1972	(W)	5 March	1972
Poland	21 March	1972	(L, M, W)	20 April	1972
Portugal	27 November	1972	(L)	27 December	1972
Republic of China	27 July	1972	(W)	26 August	1972
Romania	10 July	1972	(L, M, W)	9 August	1972
South Africa	30 May	1972	(W)	29 June	1972
Spain	30 October	1972	(W)	29 November	1972
Trinidad and Tobago	31 January	1972	(L)	1 March	1972
Uganda	27 March	1972a	(L)	26 April	1972
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic	21 February	1972	(M)	22 March	1972
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics	24 September	1971	(L, M, W)	24 October	1971
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland	22 December	1971	(L, M, W)	21 January	1972
(In respect of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Territories under the territorial sovereignty of the United Kingdom, as well as the British Solomon Islands Protectorate.)
Yugoslavia	2 October	1972	(L, M, W)	1 November	1972

16Dec70

Convention for the suppression of unlawful seizure of aircraft

[Source: United Nations, Treaty Series, Vol. 860, No. 12325, 1973]