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Crimes Crime of Aggression
➤ The First Title under Chapter One ("Crimes against the Peace of Nations; High Treason; Endangering the Democratic State Under the Rule of Law") of the Special Part of the German Criminal Code is devoted to Crimes against the Peace of Nations. Sections 80 and 80a under the said Title provide the following regarding the crime of aggression:
"Section 80
See:
Preparation of a war of aggression
Whosoever prepares a war of aggression (Article 26(1) of the Basic Law) in which the Federal Republic of Germany is meant to participate and creates a danger of war for the Federal Republic of Germany, shall be liable to imprisonment for life or for not less than ten years."
"Section 80a
Incitement to a war of aggression
Whosoever publicly incites to a war of aggression (section 80) in a meeting or through the dissemination of written materials (section 11(3)) within the Federal Republic of Germany shall be liable to imprisonment from three months to five years."
German Criminal Code. (Criminal Code in the version promulgated on 13 November 1998, Federal Law Gazette [Bundesgesetzblatt] I p. 3322, last amended by Article 1 of the Law of 24 September 2013, Federal Law Gazette I p. 3671 and with the text of Article 6(18) of the Law of 10 October 2013, Federal Law Gazette I p 3799).
13 November 1998. [ENG]
➤ In its turn, Article 26(1) of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany states:"Article 26 [Securing international peace]
➤ Kampala Amendments on the Crime of Aggression: Germany acceded to the Kampala amendments to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court on the crime of aggression on 03 June 2013:
(1) Acts tending to and undertaken with intent to disturb the peaceful relations between nations, especially to prepare for a war of aggression, shall be unconstitutional. They shall be made a criminal offence."
[Full text of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany available under the Resources and Links section below]
Germany ratifies crime of aggression amendments
The Global Campaign for the Ratification and Implementation of the Kampala Amendments (Principality of Liechtenstein, Global Institute for the Prevention of Aggression), 03 June 2013. [ENG]
Explanatory Memorandum to the Act regarding the Amendments of 10 and 11 June 2010 to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court of 17 July 1998
Federal Foreign Office, Berlin, March/April 2013. [ENG]
Entwurf eines Gesetzes zu den Änderungen vom 10. und 11. Juni 2010 des Römischen Statuts des Internationalen Strafgerichtshofs. (Draft Law on the amendments of 10 and 11 June 2010 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court on war crimes and on the crime of aggression)
Bundesrat (Federal Council), 31 August 2012. [DEU]Crimes Against Humanity
➤ Crimes against humanity are provided for under Article 1, Part 2, Chapter 1, Section 7 of the German Code of Crimes Against International Law. See:
Act to Introduce the Code of Crimes against International Law
Berlin, 26 June 2002. [ENG]
➤ Additionally, Section 126 of the German Criminal Code provides the following:"Section 126
See:
Breach of the public peace by threatening to commit offences
(1) Whosoever, in a manner capable of disturbing the public peace, threatens to commit
[...]
2. murder under specific aggravating circumstances (section 211), murder (section 212) or genocide (section 6 of the Code of International Criminal Law) or a crime against humanity (section 7 of the Code of International Criminal Law) or a war crime (section 8, section 9, section 10, section11 or section 12 of the Code of International Criminal Law);
[...]
shall be liable to imprisonment not exceeding three years or a fine.
(2) Whosoever intentionally and knowingly and in a manner capable of disturbing the public peace pretends that the commission of one of the unlawful acts named in subsection (1) above is imminent, shall incur the same penalty."
German Criminal Code. (Criminal Code in the version promulgated on 13 November 1998, Federal Law Gazette [Bundesgesetzblatt] I p. 3322, last amended by Article 1 of the Law of 24 September 2013, Federal Law Gazette I p. 3671 and with the text of Article 6(18) of the Law of 10 October 2013, Federal Law Gazette I p 3799).
13 November 1998. [ENG]Genocide
➤ Genocide is provided for under Article 1, Part 2, Chapter 1, Section 6 of the German Code of Crimes Against International Law. See:
Act to Introduce the Code of Crimes against International Law
Berlin, 26 June 2002. [ENG]
➤ Additionally, Section 126 of the German Criminal Code provides the following:"Section 126
See:
Breach of the public peace by threatening to commit offences
(1) Whosoever, in a manner capable of disturbing the public peace, threatens to commit
[...]
2. murder under specific aggravating circumstances (section 211), murder (section 212) or genocide (section 6 of the Code of International Criminal Law) or a crime against humanity (section 7 of the Code of International Criminal Law) or a war crime (section 8, section 9, section 10, section11 or section 12 of the Code of International Criminal Law);
[...]
shall be liable to imprisonment not exceeding three years or a fine.
(2) Whosoever intentionally and knowingly and in a manner capable of disturbing the public peace pretends that the commission of one of the unlawful acts named in subsection (1) above is imminent, shall incur the same penalty."
German Criminal Code. (Criminal Code in the version promulgated on 13 November 1998, Federal Law Gazette [Bundesgesetzblatt] I p. 3322, last amended by Article 1 of the Law of 24 September 2013, Federal Law Gazette I p. 3671 and with the text of Article 6(18) of the Law of 10 October 2013, Federal Law Gazette I p 3799).
13 November 1998. [ENG]War Crimes
➤ War crimes are provided for under Article 1, Part 2, Chapter 1, Sections 8-12 of the German Code of Crimes Against International Law. See:
Act to Introduce the Code of Crimes against International Law
Berlin, 26 June 2002. [ENG]
➤ Additionally, Section 126 of the German Criminal Code provides the following:"Section 126
See:
Breach of the public peace by threatening to commit offences
(1) Whosoever, in a manner capable of disturbing the public peace, threatens to commit
[...]
2. murder under specific aggravating circumstances (section 211), murder (section 212) or genocide (section 6 of the Code of International Criminal Law) or a crime against humanity (section 7 of the Code of International Criminal Law) or a war crime (section 8, section 9, section 10, section11 or section 12 of the Code of International Criminal Law);
[...]
shall be liable to imprisonment not exceeding three years or a fine.
(2) Whosoever intentionally and knowingly and in a manner capable of disturbing the public peace pretends that the commission of one of the unlawful acts named in subsection (1) above is imminent, shall incur the same penalty."
German Criminal Code. (Criminal Code in the version promulgated on 13 November 1998, Federal Law Gazette [Bundesgesetzblatt] I p. 3322, last amended by Article 1 of the Law of 24 September 2013, Federal Law Gazette I p. 3671 and with the text of Article 6(18) of the Law of 10 October 2013, Federal Law Gazette I p 3799).
13 November 1998. [ENG]
Jurisdiction German courts are entitled to exercise universal jurisdiction over the criminal offences laid out in sections 6 to 12 of the Code of Crimes Against International Law and other serious offences laid out in section 6 of the Criminal Code. Sections 153(c) and 153(f) of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Strafprozessordnung) provide that public prosecutors have discretion with regard to the prosecution of crimes committed outside German territory. In particular, sections 153c and 153f of the Code of Criminal Procedure --under which prosecutors have discretion not to initiate a prosecution-- state the following:
General rule on crimes committed outside German territory:"Section 153c
[Non-Prosecution of Offences Committed Abroad]
(1) The public prosecution office may dispense with prosecuting criminal offences1. which have been committed outside the territorial scope of this statute, or which an inciter or an accessory before the fact to an act committed outside the territorial scope of this statute has committed within the territorial scope thereof;
Offences for which there is criminal liability pursuant to the Code of Crimes against International Law shall be subject to Section 153f.
2. which a foreigner committed in Germany on a foreign ship or aircraft;
3. if in the cases referred to in sections 129 and 129a, in each case also in conjunction with section 129b subsection (1) of the Criminal Code, the group does not, or does not mainly, exist in Germany and the participatory acts committed in Germany are of lesser importance or are limited to mere membership.
(2) The public prosecution office may dispense with prosecuting a criminal offence if a sentence for the offence has already been executed against the accused abroad, and the sentence which is to be expected in Germany would be negligible after taking the foreign sentence into account or if the accused has already been acquitted abroad by a final judgment in respect of the offence.
(3) The public prosecution office may also dispense with prosecuting criminal offences committed within, but through an act committed outside, the territorial scope of this statute, if the conduct of proceedings poses the risk of serious detriment to the Federal Republic of Germany or if other public interests of overriding importance present an obstacle to prosecution.
(4) If charges have already been preferred, the public prosecution office may, in the cases referred to in subsection (1), numbers 1 and 2, and in subsection (3), withdraw the charges at any stage of the proceedings and terminate the proceedings if the conduct of proceedings poses the risk of serious detriment to the Federal Republic of Germany, or if other public interests of overriding importance present an obstacle to prosecution.
(5) If criminal offences of the nature designated under section 74a subsection (1), numbers 2 to 6, and under section 120 subsection (1), numbers 2 to 7, of the Courts Constitution Act are the subject of the proceedings, such powers shall be vested in the Federal Public Prosecutor General."
Crimes under the Code of Crimes Against International Law:"Section 153f
See:
[Dispensing with Prosecution of Criminal Offences under the Code of Crimes against International Law]
(1) The public prosecution office may dispense with prosecuting a criminal offence for which there is criminal liability pursuant to sections 6 to 14 of the Code of Crimes against International Law in the cases referred to in Section 153c subsection (1), numbers 1 and 2, if the accused is not resident in Germany and is not expected to so reside. If, in the cases referred to in Section 153c subsection (1), number 1, the accused is a German, however, this shall only apply if the offence is being prosecuted before an international court of justice or by a state on whose territory the offence was committed or a citizen of which was injured by the offence.
(2) The public prosecution office may dispense with prosecuting an offence for which there is criminal liability pursuant to sections 6 to 14 of the Code of Crimes against International Law in the cases referred to in Section 153c subsection (1), numbers 1 and 2, in particular if1. no German is suspected of having committed the crime; 2. the offence was not committed against a German; 3. no suspect is, or is expected to be, resident in Germany; 4. the offence is being prosecuted by an international court of justice or by a country on whose territory the offence was committed, a citizen of which is either suspected of the offence, or suffered injury as a result of the offence.
The same shall apply if a foreigner who is accused of a criminal offence that was committed abroad is resident in Germany but the requirements of the first sentence, numbers 2 and 4, are met and transfer to an international court of justice or extradition to the prosecuting state is admissible and intended.
(3) If, in the cases referred to in subsections (1) or (2) public charges have already been preferred, the public prosecution office may, at any stage of the proceedings, withdraw the charges and terminate the proceedings."
Information submitted by Germany regarding the scope and application of the principle of universal jurisdiction.
The Permanent Mission of Germany to the United Nations, New York, 30 April 10. [ENG]
Act to Introduce the Code of Crimes against International Law
Berlin, 26 June 2002. [ENG]
German Criminal Code. (Criminal Code in the version promulgated on 13 November 1998, Federal Law Gazette [Bundesgesetzblatt] I p. 3322, last amended by Article 1 of the Law of 24 September 2013, Federal Law Gazette I p. 3671 and with the text of Article 6(18) of the Law of 10 October 2013, Federal Law Gazette I p 3799).
13 November 1998. [ENG]
International Criminal Court
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: The Federal Republic of Germany signed the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court on 10 December 1998 and deposited its instrument of ratification on 11 December 2000.
With regard to the declaration made by Uruguay upon ratification, the Federal Republic of Germany made the following objection:"The Government of the Federal Republic of Germany has examined the Interpretative Declaration to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court made by the Government of the Eastern Republic of Uruguay at the time of its ratification of the Statute.
The Government of the Federal Republic of Germany considers that the Interpretative Declaration with regard to the compatibility of the rules of the Statute with the provisions of the Constitution of Uruguay is in fact a reservation that seeks to limit the scope of the Statute on a unilateral basis. As it is provided in article 120 of the Statute that no reservation may be made to the Statute, this reservation should not be made.
The Government of the Federal Republic of Germany therefore objects to the aforementioned "declaration" made by the Government of the Eastern Republic of Uruguay. This objection does not preclude the entry into force of the Statute between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Eastern Republic of Uruguay."
Upon ratification the Federal Republic of Germany made the following notification under article 87 (1) and (2) of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court:
"The Federal Republic of Germany declares, pursuant to article 87 (1) of the Rome Statute, that requests from the Court can also be transmitted directly to the Federal Ministry of Justice or an agency designated by the Federal Ministry of Justice in an individual case. Requests to the Court can be transmitted directly from the Federal Ministry of Justice or, with the Ministry's agreement, from another competent agency to the Court.
Kampala Amendments on the Crime of Aggression: Germany acceded to the Kampala amendments to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court on the crime of aggression on 03 June 2013:The Federal Republic of Germany further declares, pursuant to article 87 (2) of the Rome Statute, that requests for cooperation to Germany and any documents supporting the request must be accompanied by a translation into German."
Germany ratifies crime of aggression amendments
The Global Campaign for the Ratification and Implementation of the Kampala Amendments (Principality of Liechtenstein, Global Institute for the Prevention of Aggression), 03 June 2013. [ENG]
Explanatory Memorandum to the Act regarding the Amendments of 10 and 11 June 2010 to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court of 17 July 1998
Federal Foreign Office, Berlin, March/April 2013. [ENG]
Entwurf eines Gesetzes zu den Änderungen vom 10. und 11. Juni 2010 des Römischen Statuts des Internationalen Strafgerichtshofs. (Draft Law on the amendments of 10 and 11 June 2010 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court on war crimes and on the crime of aggression)
Bundesrat (Federal Council), 31 August 2012. [ENG]
- Under construction -
➤ Criminal proceedings under the German International Criminal Code for crimes committed in Rwanda:
Verurteilung wegen Mittäterschaft am Völkermord in Ruanda 1994. Oberlandesgericht (OLG) Frankfurt am Main: Ruanda II. Az.: 4-3 StE 4/10 - 4 - 1/15 - Urt. v. 29.12.2015. (Conviction for complicity in the genocide in Rwanda 1994 - Onesphore Rwabukombe case -, Docket No. Az.: 4-3 StE 4/10 - 4 - 1/15, Higher Regional Court of Frankfurt am Main, 29 december 2015).
Hessenrecht, Landesrechtsprechungsdatenbank, Entscheidungen der hessischen Gerichte. [DEU]. Also archived at https://perma.cc/Q7QT-L75D. [DEU]. [Last accessed 16Oct18]. [External Links]
Judgment in the case of the Forces Démocratiques de Libération du Rwanda (FDLR).
Oberlandesgericht (OLG) Stuttgart - Urt. v. 28.09.2015, Az.: 5 - 3 StE 6/10 (Higher Regional Court of Stuttgart, Docket No. 3 StE 6/10), 28 September 2015. [The FDLR leaders Ignace Murwanashyaka and Straton Musoni were sentenced to thirteen and eight years for aiding and abetting crimes against humanity and for membership in a foreign terrorist group].
Case Zokirjon Almatov (Complaint: 05 December 2005)
Case against former US Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld (Complaint: 30 November 2004)
Falun Gong Case (Complaint: 21 November 2003)
➤ Cases prior to the adoption of the Act to Introduce the Code of Crimes against International Law:
War Crimes in the Former Yugoslavia Before German Criminal Courts
Nikola Jorgic:
- Bundesverfassungsgericht (BVerfG), Decision, 12 December 2000 - 2 BvR 1290/99
- Bundesgerichtshof (BGH), Judgment, 30 April 1999 - 3 StR 215/98
Novislav Djajic: Bayerisches Oberstes Landesgericht (BayObLG), Judgment, 23 May 1997, 3 St 20/06
Djuradj Kusljic: BGH, Decision, 21 February 2001 - 3 StR 244/00
Maksim Sokolovic: BGH, Judgment, 21 February 2001 - 3 StR 372/00
➤ Criminal proceedings pertaining to National-Socialist crimes:
National-socialist crimes have been prosecuted in Germany as ordinary crimes based on the fact that prosecution for murder is not subject to any statute of limitations. More particularly, According to Section 78, Paragraph 2, of the Penal Code, crimes under Section 211 (Murder) are not subject to a statute of limitations.
According to Section 67 Paragraph 1 of the old version of the Penal Code, the limitation period at the time of these offenses for murder was 20 years. Pursuant to Section 78b Paragraph 1 of the Penal Code the period of limitation was suspended from January 30, 1933 to May 8, 1945, as prosecution for the murder of prisoners committed on order of the Nazi leadership during this period was not possible. Between May 8, 1945 and December 31, 1949 the limitation pursuant to Section 1 of the Law concerning the Calculation of Limitation Periods for Criminal Offenses of April 13, 1965 (Federal Gazette 1965, Part I, page 319) was suspended. Pursuant to Article 1, Number 2 of the 9th Criminal Law Amendment Act of August 4, 1969 Federal Gazette 1969, Part I page 1065) the limitation period for criminal offenses subject to a punishment of confinement for life was extended to 30 years. Finally, the statute of limitations for murder was rescinded completely by the 16th Criminal Law Amendment Act of July 16, 1979 (Federal Gazette 1979, Part I, page 1046).
John (Iwan) Demjanjuk case.
The member of the SS Totenkopf, John Demjanjuk, arrived to the German city of Munich on May 12th, 2009 after having been deported from the United States. The Prosecutor's Office in Munich brought formal charges against John Demjanjuk and issued the corresponding arrest warrant in March 2009 for complicity in the assassination of more than 28,000 jews in the Sobibor concentration camp located in occupied Poland. The German authorities announced their interest in seeking the handover of John Demjanjuk from the United States the same day, 19th June 2008, on which various survivors and relatives of Spanish victims of the National-Socialist regime, represented by Equipo Nizkor, filed a criminal complaint before the National Court (Audiencia Nacional) in Madrid. The complaint alleged that acts constituting crimes against humanity were committed against Spanish nationals and the nationals of other countries in the National-Socialist camps of Mauthausen, Sachsenhausen and Flossenbürg, and sought the indictment and handover of Johann Leprich, Anton Tittjung, Josias Kumpf and John Demjanjuk, (all of whom were members of the criminal organisation of the SS Totenkopf), to be tried by the Spanish Courts. This complaint was admitted by Central Investigating Court No. 2 on 17th July 2008.
See:
Update on the Repercussions of Demjanjuk's Conviction in Germany, Spain and the United States.
Editorial Team, Radio Nizkor, Madrid, 17 May 2011. [ENG]
Mise à jour des informations sur les répercussions de la condamnation de Demjanjuk en Allemagne, en Espagne et aux États-Unis.
Équipe de rédaction, Radio Nizkor, Madrid, 17 Mai 2011. [FRA]
Actualización de información sobre la repercusión de la condena de Demjanjuk en Alemania, España y Estados Unidos..
Equipo Redacción, Radio Nizkor, Madrid, 17 mayo 2011. [ESP]
Other cases investigated and prosecuted by the German Central Office of the Judicial Authorities of the Federal States for the Investigation of National Socialist Crimes (1958 onwards).
(Investigation and prosecution of crimes committed under the National Socialist regime from 1933-1945)
Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany. (23 May 1949. Last amended on 13 July 2017)
Deutscher Bundestag. (Translated by: Professor Christian Tomuschat, Professor David P. Currie, Professor Donald P. Kommers and Raymond Kerr, in cooperation with the Language Service of the German Bundestag). [ENG]. [Last accessed 14Oct18]. [External Link to pdf document]
German Criminal Code, 13 November 1998.
Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz (Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection). [ENG]. [Last accessed 11Apr18]. [External Link]
Völkerstrafgesetzbuch (VStGB), [International Criminal Code], 26 June 26 2002
Bundesgesetzblatt [BGBl.] [Federal Law Gazette] I at 2254, also archived at http://perma.cc/KF3B-HFJT. [DEU]. [Last accessed 05Oct]. [External Links]
The German Code of Criminal Procedure.
Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz (Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection). [ENG]. [Last accessed 05Oct18]. [External Link]
Courts Constitution Act. [Version published on 9 May 1975 (Federal Law Gazette [Bundesgesetzblatt] Part I p. 1077), last amended by Article 7 of the Act of 27 August 2017 (Federal Law Gazette Part I p. 3295)]
Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz (Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection). [ENG]. [Last accessed 16Oct18]. [External Link]
The Federal Constitutional Court. (English translations of decisions).
The Federal Constitutional Court. [ENG]. [Last accessed 16Oct18]. [External Link]
Official Gazette.
Bundesgesetzblatt. [DEU]. [Last accessed 16Oct18]. [External Link]
Gesetze / Verordnungen alphabetisch sortiert. (English translations of laws and regulations listed alphabetically)
Gesetze im Internet. [DEU]. [Last accessed 16Oct18]. [External Link]
Official Records of the Parliament of the Federal Republic of Germany.
German Bundestag. [DEU]. [Last accessed 16Oct18]. [External Link]
List of International Humanitarian Law Treaties to which Germany is a State party.
International Committee of the Red Cross. [ENG]. [Last accessed 16Oct17]. [External Link]
➤ International Court of Justice (ICJ):
Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece intervening)
Judgment, International Court of Justice, 3 February 2012. [ENG/FRA]. [Last accessed 16Oct18]. [External Link]
Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. Belgium, Yugoslavia v. Canada, Yugoslavia v. France, Yugoslavia v. Germany, Yugoslavia v. Italy, Yugoslavia v. Netherlands, Yugoslavia v. Portugal, Yugoslavia v. Spain, Yugoslavia v. United Kingdom, Yugoslavia v. United States).
Judgment, International Court of Justice, 15 December 2004. [ENG/FRA]. [Last accessed 16Oct18]. [External Link]
➤ Prosecution and Punishment of the Major War Criminals of the European Axis: UN Principles of International Law and the Nuremberg Charter and TrialsPrinciples of International Law Recognized in the Charter of the Nürnberg Tribunal and in the Judgment of the Tribunal.
(Text adopted by the International Law Commission at its second session, in 1950, and submitted to the General Assembly as a part of the Commission's report covering the work of that session)
ILC Report, A/1316 (A/5/12), 1950, part III, paras. 95-127, Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1950, vol. II. [ENG]Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals Under Control Council Law No. 10 ("Green Series"). October 1946 - April 1949
Military Legal Resources, The Library of Congress. [ENG]. [Last accessed 14Oct18]. [External Link]Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal ("The Blue Series"). Nuremberg, 14 November 1945 - 1 October 1946.
Military Legal Resources, The Library of Congress. [ENG]. [Last accessed 14Oct18]. [External Link]Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression ("Red Series"). Office of the United States Chief of Counsel For Prosecution of Axis Criminality. Nuremberg, Germany (1945-1946)
Military Legal Resources, The Library of Congress. [ENG]. [Last accessed 14Oct18]. [External Link]Opening Statement by Justice Jackson before the International Military Tribunal of Nuremberg
II Trial of the Major War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal 98-155 (Nuremberg: IMT, 1947). [ENG]Opinion and Judgment of the International Military Tribunal for the Trial of German Major War Criminals.
Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression Opinion and Judgment, United States Government Printing Office, Washington : 1947. [ENG]Allied Control Council Law No. 10.
(Jurisdictional Basis of the Twelve Subsequent War Crimes Trials at Nuremberg)
Trials of War Criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10, Volume XV, Nuernberg, October 1946-April 1949, Washington, DC : United States Government Printing Office, 1953, pp. 23-28. [ENG]General Assembly resolution 95 (I): "Affirmation of the Principles of International Law recognized by the Charter of the Nürnberg Tribunal".
UN General Assembly, Fifty-fifth plenary meeting, 11Dec46. [ENG]Charter of the Nürnberg International Military Tribunal.
Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression. United States Printing Office. Washington, 1946.
Vol I, pp. 4-12. [ENG]London Agreement of August 8th 1945.
Agreement by the Government of the United States of America, the Provisional Government of the French Republic, the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the Union Of Soviet Socialist Republics for the Prosecution and Punishment of the Major War Criminals of the European Axis, Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, United States Printing Office, Washington, 1946. Vol I, pp. 1-3. [ENG]Moscow Declaration concerning Responsibility of Hitlerites for Committed Atrocities
Moscow, 30Oct43. [ENG]
➤ The League of Nations:General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy.
(The Kellogg-Briand Pact. Signed at Paris, August 27, 1928).
League of Nations Treaty Series, 1929, pp. 59-64. [ENG]The Covenant of the League of Nations.
League of Nations Official Journal, February 1920, pp. 3-11. [ENG]